Homepage
Podcast tile features: Rudolf Kahn German Passport, NAA: A435, 1944/4/6966; National Archives of Australia. Starboard side view of the British MV Dunera II – Australian War Memorial Item: 303219, Public Domain; Watercolour, Leonhard Adam, Tatura Camp Australia, 1940 – Used with permission of Mary Clare Adam and Tatura Irrigation and wartime Camps Museum. Accessed at Victorian Collections; Otto Bondy, Form of Application for Registration for Alien Resident in Commonwealth National Archives of Australia SP11/5 30377840.
Emergency Headlines: includes Collection of letters, applications, articles and other documents that formed part of the Quaker archive, 1938-1939 – Sydney Jewish Museum Collection, donated by the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
Episode One
Header: National Archives of Australia, A472/6, Dr. E. Korten – re. Admittance to the Bar – Request for exemption as an enemy alien; W5011, Letter from NSW Bar refusing admission into NSW legal practice, 29 October 1942
Portrait image of Richard Fuchs, The Richard Fuchs Archive Trust 2019, accessed 30 August 2026
Camilla Wedgwood, 1944. Photo by Australian War Memorial, 064435
Josiah Wedgwood, accessed at https://www.keele.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/showcase/josiahclementwedgwood/
Eduard Korten, National Archives of Australia, Passport Photo, 1939 Item No. 30407670 SP11/5
National Archives of Australia, Rudolf Kahn German Passport, NAA: A435, 1944/4/6966
Herbert Evatt Portrait image, 2026 Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House, accessed August 30, 2026 https://moadoph.gov.au/explore/democracy/election-speeches/herbert-evatt-1958
National Archives of Australia, A472/6, Dr. E. Korten – re. Admittance to the Bar – Request for exemption as an enemy alien; W5011, Letter from Margaret Hay
Episode Two
All watercolour artworks used on this page are the works of Leonhard Adam. These paintings were used with the permission of: Mary Clare Adam and Tatura Irrigation and Wartime Camps Museum. They can be viewed at the Victorian Collections.
Image of Esther Simpson: Leeds University Library
Winston Churchill: Yousuf Karsh / Library and Archives Canada. Public Domain.
Roland Carter: Australian War Memorial AWM2017.727.1.3. Public Domain.
Mary Clare Adam: Supplied.
Episode Three
Otto Bondy, Form of Application for Registration for Alien Resident in National Archives of Australia, NAA: SP11/5, 30377840.
Ilmar Tammelo at Estonian House: Estonian Archives of Australia
Otto Bondy: UNSW Library
Michael Kirby, Official High Court of Australia Portrait, Image by Ian Provest
Julius Stone: National Archives of Australia, SP1011/1:4353.5
Anthony Blackshield: image accessed at Australian Public Law
Hans Kelsen image, accessed from Jewish Museum Vienna https://www.jmw.at/exhibition/hans_kelsen_and_the_elegance_of_the_austrian_constitution
Timeline
Header image: Starboard side view of the British MV Dunera II – Australian War Memorial Item: 303219, Public Domain
Supreme Court & Gaol / Stringer, Mason & Co. 1853. Source: State Library Victoria
Promissory Oaths Act 1868, c. 72, s. 4. Available at: legislation.gov.uk
National Archives of Australia (1901), Immigration Restriction Act 1901, RecordSearch, National Archives of Australia, viewed 31 August 2026, https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/DetailsReports/ItemDetail.aspx?Barcode=11421113&isAv=N
Commonwealth of Australia 1920, Nationality Act 1920 (No. 48, 1920), AustLII, viewed 31 August 2026, https://www7.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdb/au/legis/cth/num_act/na1920481920177
Rudolf Kahn German Passport, NAA: A435, 1944/4/6966, National Archives of Australia
Watercolour self portrait by artist Leonhard Adam, used with permission of Mary Clare Adam and Tatura Irrigation and Wartime Camps Museum. Accessed: Victorian Collections
Esther Simpson, MS 959/1628. Image credit: Leeds University Library
Germany Emergency Committee letter – Collection of letters, applications, articles and other documents that formed part of the Quaker archive, 1938-1939 Sydney Jewish Museum Collection, donated by the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars. Report as of February 1, 1935. [publisher not identified], 1935, Accessed: https://tau.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/972TAU_INST/28unjf/alma9933995188704146
Illustration of the Nuremberg Laws, 1935. Source: California State University, Northridge 2015
Camilla Wedgwood portrait, 1944 – Australian War Memorial, 064435
1940, The Sydney Jewish News (Sydney, N.S.W : 1939 – 1954), 19 July, p. 5., viewed 08 Sept 2026, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page29204226
1938 ‘Australia Will Not Encourage Large-Scale Foreign Migration’, Northern Star (Lismore, NSW : 1876 – 1954), 9 July, p. 9. , viewed 06 Sept 2026, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article94577197
Photo of Zelman and Jean Bornstein, Supplied by Josh Bornstein.
Komu Maru, Public Domain Image: Item is held by John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland
Otto Bondy, Archival Document Vienna – Source?
Senate House, University of London, the Wellcome Collection, a website operated by Wellcome Trust. Photo number: L0007798, T Stannard
1938 ‘REFUGEE FUND’, The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 – 1957), 28 December, p. 2. , viewed 06 Sept 2026, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12080675
Britain Declares War on Germany, photograph HU 36171 comes from the collections of the Imperial War Museums, used under non commercial licence.
1940, The Sydney Jewish News (Sydney, N.S.W : 1939 – 1954), 19 July, p. 5. , viewed 08 Sept 2026, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page29204226
Eduard Korten, National Archives of Australia, Passport Photo, 1939 Item No. 30407670 SP11/5
Gertrude Bondy, Form of Application for Registration for Alien Resident in Commonwealth National Archives of Australia, 30377835 SP11/5
1939 ‘German Lawyer.’, Daily Mercury (Mackay, Qld. : 1906 – 1954), 22 July, p. 8. , viewed 6 Sept 2026, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article169826382
1940 ‘BAR BETWEEN HIM AND BAR GONE’, The Recorder (Port Pirie, SA : 1919 – 1954), 2 April, p. 1. , viewed 15 Sept 2026, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article96329068
Watercolour, Leonhard Adam, Tatura Camp No 3, Victoria, 10/8/1941, used with permission of Mary Clare Adam and Tatura Irrigation and Wartime Camps Museum. Accessed at Victorian Collections.
Winston Churchill: Yousuf Karsh / Library and Archives Canada. Public Domain.
1940. Starboard side view of the British MV Dunera II – Australian War Memorial Item: 303219, Public Domain.
British Home Office 1940, Home Office document entitled, ‘Civilian internees of enemy nationality’, August, Tate Archive, TGA 8812/1/4/182/10, viewed 6 September 2026, https://www.tate.org.uk/art/archive/tga-8812-1-4-182-10
1938 ‘JEWISH REFUGEES ARRIVE.’, The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 – 1954), 17 December, p. 12. , viewed 06 Sept 2026, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17560210
1941 ‘INTERNEES RELEASED’, The Herald (Melbourne, Vic. : 1861 – 1954), 12 November, p. 6. , viewed 10 Sept 2026, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article245361414
National Archives of Australia, A472/6, Dr. E. Korten – re. Admittance to the Bar – Request for exemption as an enemy alien; W5011, Letter from Margaret Hay
Russell Roberts Pty Ltd 1950–1960, Professor Julius Stone, Challis Professor of Jurisprudence and International Law, University of Sydney, photograph, National Archives of Australia, SP1011/1, 4353.5, Item ID 7530439
Watercolour, Leonhard Adam, Tatura Camp Australian, 1940. Used with permission of Mary Clare Adam and Tatura Irrigation and wartime Camps Museum. Accessed at Victorian Collections.
National Archives of Australia, A472/6, Dr. E. Korten – re. Admittance to the Bar – Request for exemption as an enemy alien; W5011, Letter from Korten to Doc Evatt 3 December 1942
National Archives of Australia, A472/6, Dr. E. Korten – re. Admittance to the Bar – Request for exemption as an enemy alien; W5011, Letter from NSW Bar refusing admission into NSW legal practice, 29 October 1942
Eduard Korten, National Archives of Australia, Amendment of National Security (Aliens Control) Regulations , 1943 Item No. 30407670 SP11/5
Otto Bondy, Form of Application for Registration for Alien Resident in Commonwealth National Archives of Australia SP11/5 30377840
National Archives of Australia, Police Department of NSW Austrian alien naturalization of Edward Korten, Item No. 30407670 SP11/5, 15 March 1944
An Act Relating to British Nationality and Citizenship (No. 83 of 1948). National Archives of Australia Reference: NAA: A1559, 1948/83
Bonegilla migrant centre, National Archives of Australia: Series/Control symbol A12111, 1/1949/22/20 Item ID 8275061
1948 ‘Family Notices’, The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 – 1954), 18 September, p. 28. , viewed 14 Sept 2026, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18085195
Ilmar Tammelo, Early Works 1939-1943
1954 ‘Refugees’ status; Aust approval’, Sunday Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1926 – 1954), 24 January, p. 4. , viewed 10 Sept 2026, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article100182349
Leonard Adam in his museum, University of Melbourne, c 1959
1975 ‘RACIAL DISCRIMINATION ACT TO SET STANDARDS’, The Australian Jewish Times (Sydney, NSW : 1953 – 1990), 13 November, p. 3. , viewed 17 Sept 2026, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article263241193
The Tammelo papers – Estonian Archives of Australia
In re ho http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/sa/SASC/1975/2349.html
1977 ‘IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW SOUTH WALES.’, Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales (Sydney, NSW : 1901 – 2001), 1 April, p. 1277. , viewed 06 Sept 2026, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article220199759
No. 9164. An Act to amend the Legal Profession Practice Act 1958 and for other purposes. https://www6.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/hist_act/lppa1978326.pdf
1992 ‘Depression, tension and fear rules Port Hedland: ‘a human-rights scandal we should all be ashamed of’, The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 – 1995), 20 June, p. 7. , viewed 17 Sept 2026, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article126929938